Disk Management In Operating System

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 Disk Management  Disk is a secondary storage device that is used to store data.  The external devices such as hard disk, magnetic disks and floppy disks stores data in the sectors.  These devices provide the data to user programs by means of I/O requests.  Disk Management is an important function of operating system and includes disk buffering and management of swap area and disk cache.  Disk Structure  Disks provide a means to store a large amount of information for modern computer.  A disk is usually divided into tracks, cylinder and sectors.  Below fig shows the various components of a disk system.  Data is stored on a series of magnetic disks called platters. These disks are connected by a common spindle that spins at very high speed (some spindle rotate at speeds of 3600 revolutions per minute).  The two surfaces of a platter are covered with a magnetic material similar to that on a magnetic tape. Information is recorded mag...
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Frequently asked questions of computer network

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FAQ  

Q. 1. What are the protocol used for authentication in PPT? 

Ans :-  Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and challenging handshake authentication Protocol (CHAP) are used for authentication in PPP. PAP in the two step process. The user sends the authentical identification and a password. The system determines the validity of the information sent. CHAP is a three stop process. The system sends a value to user. The user manipulates the value and sends its result. The system verifies the result. 

Q. 2. How is repeater different from Amplifier? 

Ans :- Repeater in a device that operates on only the physical layer of OSI model. Its purpose is to regenerate two single but in comparison amplifier amplify the signal. When the amplifier receives the single (weak or corrupted) it tries to create a copy bit for bit at the original strength. 

Q. 3. What are the function of Bridge? 

Ans :- Bridge operates on both physical and data link layer of OSI reference model. When a frame enters the bridge not only regenerate the signals but also checks the address of the destination and forward the new copy only to the segment ro which the address belongs. 

Q. 4. What are the different method to calculate the shortest path between two Routers?

Ans :- There are two method to calculate the shortest path 

(i) Distance vector Routing 

(ii) Link state Routing. 

Q. 5. On which levels of OSI Reference the Gateway work? 

Ans :- The gateway works at all seven later of OSI Reference Model. The major function of gateway is to convert one Protocol to another and can therefore connect to dissimilar networks. 

Q. 6. Why is adaptive Routing once a superior to Non adaptive Routing? 

Ans :- In the non adaptive routing once a path to a destination has been selected, the packet will route through the same route. In simple words, the routing decision are non - made in the condition of topology of the network, In the adaptive routing the router may select a new route for each packet in response to the change in condition and topology of Network. That is the basis reason that adaptive routing is better than the non adaptive routing. 

Q. 7. What is browser? 

Ans :- A brouter (Bridge /Router) is a single Protocol a multiprotocol that some time act a router and some time as a bridge. 

Q. 8. What are the function of session Layer? 

Ans :- The session layer establishes, maintains and synchronize the dialogue between the nodes. 

Q. 9. What are the major function of connection oriented transmission? 

Ans :- The major functions one 

(i) Connection establishment 

(ii) Data transfer 

(iii) Connection Termination 

Processes, which the transmission convergence sublayer handles the remaining functions. 

Q. 10. What are the two types of sliding window ARO error control? How to they differ from one another? 

Ans :-  The two types of sliding window ARQ (Automatic repeat request) are :

1. Go - Back - n ARQ 

2. Selective repeat or selective reject ARQ

Comparison between Go - Back - N and selective repeat ARQ:

1. In Go - Back N, if one frame is lost or damaged, then all frames sent since the last acknowledge frame are retransmitted, whereas, in selective repeat ARQ, only the specific damaged or lost frame is retransmitted. 

2. In Go Back - N which a negative acknowledgement NAK is received for a frame, then all frames sent after (including that frame) that frame are resent (that is why the name go back - n). 

In selective repeat ARQ, when a NAK for a frame is sent, then that frame is sent out of sequence. 

3. In Go-Back-N, the frames must reach the receiver in sequence, otherwise it will cause a NAK to be sent to the sender of the receiver to sort the frames it has receiver. 

4. In Go-Back-N, an ACK is sent only when the frames are received in sequence. In selective repeat ARQ the frame may reach in any order but an ACK is sent when all the frames within the current buffer at the receiver are received. 

5. In case of lost - acknowledgements, when the timer times out, all the frames are resent that remain unacknowledged, in both Go-Back-N as well as selective repeat ARQ. 

6. The selective repeat ARQ is more complex than GQ-Back-ARQ because of the sorting and storage required by the receiver and the extra logic needed by the sender to select specific frames for retransmission. 

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