Disk Management In Operating System

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 Disk Management  Disk is a secondary storage device that is used to store data.  The external devices such as hard disk, magnetic disks and floppy disks stores data in the sectors.  These devices provide the data to user programs by means of I/O requests.  Disk Management is an important function of operating system and includes disk buffering and management of swap area and disk cache.  Disk Structure  Disks provide a means to store a large amount of information for modern computer.  A disk is usually divided into tracks, cylinder and sectors.  Below fig shows the various components of a disk system.  Data is stored on a series of magnetic disks called platters. These disks are connected by a common spindle that spins at very high speed (some spindle rotate at speeds of 3600 revolutions per minute).  The two surfaces of a platter are covered with a magnetic material similar to that on a magnetic tape. Information is recorded mag...
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General information of Athletics for Athletes

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Athletics 

Introduction / History 
Athletics is a very wide term in itself. Sometime it is used for the preliminary activities of other games too. The term Athletics is derived from a Greek word 'Athlos' which means Contest. So, Athletics is considered as the king of all games. Different events of track and field are organised according to the different age, class, and gender of the players. Athletics include running, jumps and throws. In other words Athletics is also called as Track and Field events. 

Three types of events are organised in Athletics :
(i) Track Events :- The running events are called track events. They are measured against time. 
(ii) Field Events :- The jumping and throwing events are called as field events. They are measured against distance. 
(iii) Combined events :- Some other unique events which are called as combined events are also organised in Athletics. In fact, these are the combination of some track and field events. Pantahlon, Decathlon for men and Heptathlon for junior and senior women. 

Track :

These are two types of tracks 400m-standard track and 200m-Practice track. A track is made up of 2 straight and 2 curves. It is oval in shape. It can be made of soil, grass or synthetic weather resistant running surface. A standard track has 8 lanes. The width of each Lane is 1.22m. All the lines of a track are 5 cm thick. 
Formula track marking :
Total length = 400 m
Length of straight = 84.39 m
Length of two straights = 84.39×2 = 168.78m
Length of two curves = 400 - 168.78 m = 231.22 m 
Length of one curve = 231.22/2 =115.61 m 
Circumference of circle = 2×22/7r
2 curves = 2×115.61 = 231.22 m = 2×22/7r
r = 36.80 m 

Stagger 
If the runner have to run which includes curve also and the runner has to run in his own Lane only, then the surplus distance in the lanes is reduced in the beginning, so that no runner can take extra advantage. This reduced distance is called as stagger. Formula for stagger is :
For 400 m track 
Full stagger = [W(n-1)-0.10]2×22/7
For 200 m track 
Half stagger = [W(n-1)-0.10]×22/7


Track events 
1. Sprints 
2. Middle distance races 
3. Long distance races 



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