Disk Management In Operating System

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 Disk Management  Disk is a secondary storage device that is used to store data.  The external devices such as hard disk, magnetic disks and floppy disks stores data in the sectors.  These devices provide the data to user programs by means of I/O requests.  Disk Management is an important function of operating system and includes disk buffering and management of swap area and disk cache.  Disk Structure  Disks provide a means to store a large amount of information for modern computer.  A disk is usually divided into tracks, cylinder and sectors.  Below fig shows the various components of a disk system.  Data is stored on a series of magnetic disks called platters. These disks are connected by a common spindle that spins at very high speed (some spindle rotate at speeds of 3600 revolutions per minute).  The two surfaces of a platter are covered with a magnetic material similar to that on a magnetic tape. Information is recorded mag...
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Some basic information of Hockey

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History / Introduction 

 The beginning of field hockey is supposed to be in 19th century in Europe. The Blackhealth club in London was the first to be founded in 1861 and the official matches were played. The field hockey was included in Olympics in 1908. The Federation of International Hockey (FIH) was founded in 1924 by seven European countries. Besides Olympic, the world cup is the main tournament started in 1971 for men and in 1974 for women. It takes place after every four years. 

In India it started from Gwalior in 1924. The Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) was formed in 1925 at Gwalior. India participated in the Olympic games for the first time in 1928, and got it's first Olympic gold medal. India kept on winning the gold medal continously from 1928 - 1956. After this, India got the chance to win the gold medal again in 1964 and 1980. Hockey is the national game of India. 

Latest Rules of Hockey :

1. Teams : the game of Hockey is played between two teams. Each team has 16 players (11 players + 5 substitutes). 

2. Duration of Match : Match has two duration of 35 minutes each. There is a rest of at least 5 minutes and maximum 10 minutes between the two halves. Teams change their sides after half time. In knockout match if both the teams are at same score, then the duration of extra 15 minutes is given to them. If no result is achieved, the decision is achieved by penalty shoot out. 

3. General rules of Hockey :

(i) Ball should be played only with the flat side of the stick. 

(ii) The stick can go over the shoulder at the start or the end of the hit,but the hit should not be dangerous. 

(iii) Ball should not be hit in a way, which can harm the other players. 

(iv) No part of the body except hockey stick can stop the ball. 

(v) Goalkeeper is allowed to stop the ball with any part of the body inside the shooting circle. 

(vi) Hitting the stick of other players, hooking it, disturbing it or obstructing the stick of opposite player is not allowed. 

(vii) if the ball hits the umpire, the game continuous. 

 Fundamental skills of Hockey :- 

 1. Hitting : In it, the player hits the ball with the right side, by holding the stick with both hands. 

2. Dribbling : During Dribbling, the player takes the ball to opposite side by continuously touching it and also taking control of it. To take the ball in control is the main aim of this skill. 

3. Pushing : in this the player pushes the ball against the ground. The ball and the stick is in continuous touch with the ground while the ball is pushed on the ground. 

4. Scooping : In this the player lifts  the ball up by pulling the stick under it. 

5. Flick : The ball is hit in such a way that the balls jumps in air. 

6. Dodging : In this the player dodges the other player with the ball, stick or his body. 

7. Goal keeping : In this the goalkeeper stops the ball with his body or with a stick, so that no goal can be scored 

Ground Of Hockey :- 

https://youtube.com/channel/UCLZqVRZUkuXIlST8BteqTig

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