Disk Management In Operating System

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 Disk Management  Disk is a secondary storage device that is used to store data.  The external devices such as hard disk, magnetic disks and floppy disks stores data in the sectors.  These devices provide the data to user programs by means of I/O requests.  Disk Management is an important function of operating system and includes disk buffering and management of swap area and disk cache.  Disk Structure  Disks provide a means to store a large amount of information for modern computer.  A disk is usually divided into tracks, cylinder and sectors.  Below fig shows the various components of a disk system.  Data is stored on a series of magnetic disks called platters. These disks are connected by a common spindle that spins at very high speed (some spindle rotate at speeds of 3600 revolutions per minute).  The two surfaces of a platter are covered with a magnetic material similar to that on a magnetic tape. Information is recorded mag...
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Types of Hubs in Network Hardware

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TYPES Of HUBS:-

There are three main types of Hubs :

1. Passive Hub 
2. Active Hub
3. Intelligent Hub 


* passive Hub 

It simple combines the signals of a network segment. There is no signal processing or regeneration. 
It reduces the cable distance by half because it does not boost the signals. 
With a passive Hub each computer receives the signals sent from all other computer connected to the hub. 


* Active Hub 

They are like passive Hub have electronic components which regenerate and amplify the signals. 
By using active Hub signals. 
The major problem with the hub is that it amplifies the noise along with signal. 



* Intelligent Hub 

In addition to signal regeneration, intelligent Hub performs some network management and intelligent path selection. 
Hubs can also be create multiple levels of hierarchy. 

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