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 History / Introduction  Swimming is considered as an ancient game. Men must have learnt swimming from animals. Swimming is not only a game but it is a life saver and a major technique in battle field. The first book on swimming was written by Prof. Nicolous of Germany in 1538. The first swimming club was established in 1860. Serpentene club has the honour of being the oldest club. When the Olympic games were restarted in 1896, the men's swimming was included in it. In 1912, the first woman's competition were included in Olympic games. India took part for the first time in swimming competition in the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics. Swimming Association of India was formed in 1940. Swimming was included in the Asian games in 1951 which were held in New Delhi.  Tips to Remember : 1. Length of Swimming pool is 50 metre.  2. Width of the swimming pool is 21 metre to 25 metre.  3. Depth of the swimming pool is more than 1.80 metre.  4. Number of lanes in swimming ...

  * THE SEVEN LAYERS OF OSI MODEL OF MODEL ARE :-  1. Physical Layer  2. Data Link Layer  3. Network Layer  4. Transport Layer  5. Session Layer  6. Presentation Layer  7. Application Layer  1. Physical Layer :-  This is the lowest layer in the model.  This layer is responsible for activating, maintaining and deactivating a physical circuit between two end systems.  It specifies the mechanical (physical) and electrical characteristics of interfaces and connections composing the network.  It deals with mechanical, procedural, electrical and functional characteristics of transmission media. Thus it can be think of as a hardware layer.  The layer exists as chips, network adapters (PCB's) and cables .  The actual data transfer takes place between physical layer of sender and receiver stations.  The physical layer is simply responsible for sending bits (bits are binary 1's and 0's of a digital communication)...

History / Introduction  Bocce Ball has been evolving for thousands of years. The basics of the game can be traced back to games that were played in Egypt around 5000 BC when people first began settling along the Nile Delta. Records dating to the 3rd century BC also show the popularity of a Bocce like game with Roman soldiers. As the Roman Empire spread, this game was introduced throughout the European continent, Asia and North Africa.  Bocce Ball is one of the oldest of all lawn or yard games. It was Giussepi Garibaldi, who, while unifying and nationalizing Italy, popularized the sport as it is known as today. Bocce frequently lost and gained popularity throughout the ages. In 1896, during a resurgence of popularity, the first Bocce Olympied was held in Athens, Greece. Bocce has been a part of international sports ever since.  Bocce has seen many changes throughout the ages. It has evolved from being a crude sport played with rounded rocks, or even coconuts to the mo...

 History / Introduction  Wrestling is an attacking game and it is possibly as old as human beings. In our country, the Wrestling is associated with Bheema, who was a brother of Pandavas.  Wrestling is also known as 'Bhalwani'. It is an ancient game. In this game the players are classified according to weight. It was initially played by men only, but now it is played by women also.  Latest Rules of Wrestling : Start of Bout : Referee stands in the middle of the mat and calls both the wrestler near him. He shakes hands with them and examines their costumes. He also assures that no wrestler should have any lubricant on his body. He examines if their nails are properly cut and they must have a handkerchief.  Then the players shake hands and the Wrestling starts with the whistle of the referee.  End of Bout : The Wrestling ends in following conditions : (i) By fall.  (ii) At the time when a player is injured.  (iii) At the end of time.  The W...

  REFERENCE MODELS OF NETWORK  INTRODUCTION :-  The problem of getting a computer of one brand to accept the data created by another manufacturers machine has confirmed users of these machine since their earlier days.  At that time the only practical way around this barrier was to retype the data from the computer into the second.  This is very time consuming procedure and has the chance of lot of errors.  As the computer proliferated, interfaces or adapters we are inverted that translated one machines code into a from that other could understand altering a variety of computers to be hooked together in a network.  But these interfaces were expensive both in agreegate because a substantial number of them needed to establish a large network, and singly, because each type of computer needed an interface of its own.  As a result there was little opportunity to spread the cost of developing give interfaces by selling many copies of it.  Netwo...

FAQ   Q. 1. What are the protocol used for authentication in PPT?  Ans :-   Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and challenging handshake authentication Protocol (CHAP) are used for authentication in PPP. PAP in the two step process. The user sends the authentical identification and a password. The system determines the validity of the information sent. CHAP is a three stop process. The system sends a value to user. The user manipulates the value and sends its result. The system verifies the result.  Q. 2. How is repeater different from Amplifier?  Ans :-  Repeater in a device that operates on only the physical layer of OSI model. Its purpose is to regenerate two single but in comparison amplifier amplify the signal. When the amplifier receives the single (weak or corrupted) it tries to create a copy bit for bit at the original strength.  Q. 3. What are the function of Bridge?  Ans :-  Bridge operates on both physical and da...

 FAQ  Q. 1. What are the various parameters of measure the performance of the transaction Media?  Ans :-  (i) Propagation Time  (ii) Through put  (iii) Propagation speed.  Q. 2. Define Error? What are the different types of errors?  Ans :-  Whenever an electromagnetic signal flows from one point to another, it is subject to unpredictable interference from heat, magnetism or any other from of electricity. This interference changes the shape and timing of the signal. If the signal is carrying encoded binary data, such changes can alter the meaning of the data. In this way there is error in receiving the data. The errors are of two types : 1. Single bit Error  2. Brust Error  1. Single Bit Error :-  The single bit error means that only one bit of data unit (such as a byte, character, data unit or packet) is changed from 1 to 0 or from 0 to I.  2. Burst Error :-  The term burst error means that two or more bits in th...

 FAQ  Q. 1. What are the various Goals of Reference Model?  Ans :-  The various principles of OSI layers  are  (1) To provide the standard for communication.   (2) To define points of interconnection for the exchange of the information between systems.  (3) To increase the ability of communication.  (4) To remove the technical hindrance between systems.  Q. 2. Which layer is responsible for activating the circuit between the two end systems?  Ans :-  Physical layer is responsible for activating maintaining, deactivating a physical circuit between the two end systems. It specifies the mechanical and electrical characteristics of interfaces and the connections composes the network.  Q. 3. What are the various items which are addressed at the physical layer?  Ans :- ( 1). Network connection type  (2). Physical topology  (3). Analog and digital signalling  (4). Bit synchronization (5). Baseband an...

 History / Introduction  Kho - Kho is a Indian game and is popular in whole of the country. It was started at Pune gymkhana in Maharastra. It has played important roles in different national, inter University Junior national and school national competition. In india this institutions is called as Kho-Kho Federation of India (KKFI). It has its branches in whole of the country to take care of development of sport. The first national competition for boys was held in 1960 and for girls it was held in 1961. A demonstration of Kho - Kho match was presented in Asian games, 1982 which were held in New Delhi, but it has not been included in Asian games so far.  Latest Rules of Kho - Kho : 1. Each team has 12 players, out of which 9 play and 3 are substitute.  2. In every match every team gets two innings of 9 minutes each. There is an interval of 5 minutes in between them.  3. Runners will get their names entered with the scorer according to the sequence of their pl...

History / Introduction    The beginning of field hockey is supposed to be in 19th century in Europe. The Blackhealth club in London was the first to be founded in 1861 and the official matches were played. The field hockey was included in Olympics in 1908. The Federation of International Hockey (FIH) was founded in 1924 by seven European countries. Besides Olympic, the world cup is the main tournament started in 1971 for men and in 1974 for women. It takes place after every four years.  In India it started from Gwalior in 1924. The Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) was formed in 1925 at Gwalior. India participated in the Olympic games for the first time in 1928, and got it's first Olympic gold medal. India kept on winning the gold medal continously from 1928 - 1956. After this, India got the chance to win the gold medal again in 1964 and 1980. Hockey is the national game of India.  Latest Rules of Hockey : 1. Teams : the game of Hockey is played between two teams. ...

History / Introduction  Table tennis is a popular indoor game. In reality, the place of its origin is not known, but it is said that this game was started in the last decade of 19th century in great Britain. Earlier, it's name was 'Gossima'. After that it acquired the name of 'ping - pong'.  International table tennis federation was formed in 1926 in Berlin. In India, table tennis association was established in 1938. Table tennis become a part of Asian games in 1958. Table tennis became an Olympic sport in Seoul in 1988. India has  hosted World Table Tennis Championship three times i.e, in 1952, 1984 - 85 and 1986 - 87. In India, this game is controlled by Table Tennis Federation of India (TTFI).  Latest Rules of Table Tennis: 1. Match : Match will be of 5 or 7 games.  2. Selection of Side and Service : The winner of toss has the right to choose to be server or receiver. If the winner of the toss or lot chooses to be server or first striker then the toss lo...

History / Introduction   Kabaddi is a game of Indian origin. It is played in many forms. National style kabaddi is the most played game at national level and is recognised at international level. In 1990 Asian games, National style kabaddi was permanently included. After that, India has continuously won gold medals in all the Asian games.  Latest Rules of Kabaddi  General rules of Match : 1. Each team has 12 players. 7 players will play in ground at a time.  2. The duration of the match for men and junior boys is two halves of 20 minutes each and for women, junior girls and sub junior boys and girls is two halves of 15 minutes each. There is a half time of 5 minutes after each half.  3. The courts are exchanged after half time.  4. A team gets a point on getting the opposite player out. The team getting Lona gets 2 additional points.  5. The team with maximum number of points at end is declared as winner.  6. If the match is not complete...

  Frequently asked questions  1. What is Amplitude?  Ans :- The Amplitude of the signal is the value of the signal at any point on the wave.  2. What is Attenuation?  Ans :- it is the loss of the signals energy due to the resistance of the medium.  3. What is modem?  Ans :- Modem is a device used to convert the digital signal into analog vice - versa.  4. What is switching?  Ans :- It is the point to point live configuration which creates a dedicated link between two devices.  5. Define computer network?  Ans :- When Two or more computers are connected logically with the help of data communication devices and transmission media. This type of situation is referred as a computer network.  6. How you can measure the efficiency of Network?  Ans :- To measure the efficiency of Network the major components are  (1) Performance  (2) Reliability  (3) Security  7. What are various factors taken into the acc...

  Frequently asked questions / answer  Q. 1. What is data communication?  Ans :- Data communication is the exchange of the data between the two devices via some of transmission media.  Q. 2. What are the different types of data transmission? Ans :- 1. Digital data Transmission  (2). Analog data Transmission  (1) Digital A digital data is discrete discontinuous, voltage pulses. Each pulse is a single element.  (2)Analog It is continuous a set of specific point of data. And the possible point between the two specific end.  Q. 3. What is Asynchronous and synchoronoous Transmission?  Ans :- Asynchronous refers to the series of event that donot take place one after the other. Synchoronoous Transmission refer to the event which take place one after other.  Q. 4. What is baud rate?  Ans :- The signalling rate of a line is measured in terms of baud rate. It is the switching speed or number of Transmission that take place per second....

 CONNECTION ORIENTED SERVICE :- The connection - oriented service establishes a logical connection between source destination machines before any data are transferred that provides error control and flow control.  Each frame sent over connection is numbered, and the data link layer guarantee that each frame sent indeed received.  Furthermore, it guarantees that each frame is recorded exactly once and that all frames are received in the right order.  When connection - oriented service is used, go through three distinct phases.  In the first phase, the connection is established by having both sides initialize variables and counters needed to keep track of which frames have been received and which ones have not.  In the second phase, one or more frames are actually transmitted.  In the third and final phase, the connection is released, freeing up the variables, buffers and other resources used to maintain the connection.  The used error control ...

Football    History /Introduction  Football is an ancient game. In ancient times, it was played in Egypt, China,and Europe under different rules. The rules of modern football were framed by Cambridge University, England in 1848. The first football club named '' Shefield football club '' was established in England.  The first international match was played between England and Scotland in 1872. Federation of international football association (FIFA) was established in 1904. The game of football was included in Olympic games in 1908. The first world cup of football was organised in 1930. It is the most popular game of the world and is played by more than 200 countries of the world.  In india, it was initiated by Britishers. India participated in football, in 1948, London Olympics for the first time. India stood fourth in 1956 Melbourne Olympics. India has the honour of winning 1951 and 1962 Asian games.  Latest rules of Football are :-  1. Number of ...